Let’s consider a financial system composed of banks, non-financial corporations (NFCs) and investment funds. Financial entities own each other’s securities and banks loan money to funds and to NFCs. If a financial entity in the system defaults:
  • it cannot repay loans to banks
  • the values of the issued securities is null
  • it can lead to the default of other entities
We can model this problem with the following schema:
Example: When NFC1 defaults, it exposes:
  • directly the banks that loan to NFC1 (B1),
  • directly those who own securities issued by NFC1 (B2 and F1),
  • indirectly all the other connected entities
Example modelling when NFC1 defaults